The types of interpreting

Modes and types of interpreting and also lexical aspects of interpreting. Handling context-free and context-bound words. Handling equivalent-lacking words and translators false friends. Translation of cultures and political terms. Translation of verbs.
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Introduction

interpreting lexical word political

Nowadays it is the epoch of intercultural communication and tourism. People of different nationalities deal with each other and there come into being the problem of misunderstanding because of different languages. In order to avoid this problem people require interpreters' services.

The present graduation diploma paper deals with the study of lexical aspects of interpreting, which present certain interest both for the theoretical investigation and for practical language use.

The topicality of the investigation is explained on one hand by the profound interest to the function of the lexical peculiarities of different languages and on the other hand, by developing culture of different societies. With the course of time, there appeared a lot of neologisms in different languages and they do not have their equivalents in other languages.

The scientific novelty of the diploma paper is defined by concrete result of investigation: special emphasis is laid on various lexical peculiarities of the English and Russian languages and the ways of translating them.

The objective of the diploma paper is to define some lexical aspects of oral translation and find the best way of interpreting them from English into Russian and vise verse.

According to this general aim, we have put the following tasks:

- to investigate the lexical aspects of frequent occurrence

- to study the difficulties of their translation

- to find out the borrowed words in the source languages and the ways of their rendering into the target ones

- to define cultural peculiarities of English and Russian native speakers

- to discover the neologisms in political terms

The methods of investigations used in this diploma paper are as follows:

- for the analysis of interpreting types we use descriptive method

- to investigate the system of note-taking in consecutive interpreting we use descriptive method

- the study of different cultural realia of the English and Russian languages is made with the help of comparative and translational methods

- for the analysis of verbal constructions in English and Russian grammar we use the method of component analysis

The theoretical significance of the diploma paper is determined by the necessity of detailed and comprehensive analyses of lexical difficulties of oral translation from English into Russian and vice verse. These lexical aspects form a very difficult problem for interpreters. There are words and terms that have only one equivalent in the target language and knowing this equivalent prevent from making incorrect interpreting.

The practical value of the research is seen in the rising of the theory of translation potential. The results of the study can help to understand better the essentials and specifics of interlanguage communication, their influence on each other, ways of translation from English into Russian, and in its turn, it can improve the methods of interpreters' preparation. The material and the results of the given diploma paper can also serve as the material for the theoretical courses for students in universities of foreign languages as well can be used for practical lessons in translation.

The material includes:

a) Different types of explanatory and translation dictionaries;

b) Scholarly literature on translation theory, lexicology, stylistics and grammar;

c) The pieces of artistic literature of the British and American authors of the XX century;

d) The pieces of articles from the British and Russian newspapers The Times and Moscow News

The present diploma paper consists of an introduction where there are the main tasks of this paper and the methods of achieving these tasks, two chapters where in the first chapter there is a general description of types and modes of interpreting and a system of note-taking in consecutive interpreting and where in second one there are the ways of translation of context-free and context-bound words, equivalent-lacking words and translators false friends, ttranslation of cultures and political terms and verbs and adverbial modifiers of time, conclusion and bibliography.

1. Types of interpreting

1.1 Modes and types of interpreting

Interpreting (or interpretation) is an activity that consists of facilitating oral or sign language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two or more speakers who are not speaking (or signing) the same language. Note that the words interpreting and interpretation can both be used to refer to this practice, the word interpreting is commonly used in the profession and in the field of translation studies in an attempt to avoid other meanings of the word interpretation. The term interpreter refers to the practitioner who translates orally for parties conversing in different languages or utilizing sign language. Interpreters should convey not only elements of meaning, but also the intention and feelings of the original speaker. In fact, the end result is an intermediate stage of communication which aims to allow listeners of the target language to experience the message in a way that is as close as possible to the experience of those who understand the original. [10, p. 12]

Refers to the way in which interpreting is offered. These include simultaneous (at the same time) and consecutive (after utterance).

Simultaneous interpreting. In some situations, the interpretation is given while the source speaker is speaking, as quickly as the interpreter can reformulate the message in the target language. Normally, in simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth, usually with a clear view of the speaker, at a microphone, listening through headphones to the incoming message in the source language; the interpreter relays the message in the target language into the microphone to whosoever is listening. Simultaneous interpreting is also the most common mode used by sign language interpreters. Simultaneous interpreting is sometimes referred to as «simultaneous translation» and the interpreter referred to as the «translator». These terms are incorrect, as discussed in the distinction between interpreting and translation above.

Simultaneous interpretation, in which the interpreter speaks at the same time as the speaker, is the most common mode of interpreting used in court. Generally, simultaneous interpreting is done from English into the second language, because it is intended to enable the defendant to understand what is going on in court proceedings. The U.S. Constitution states that every criminal defendant has a right to be present at all stages of the proceedings, and the courts have interpreted this to mean that non-English-speaking defendants are not «present» unless everything is interpreted into their native language for them. Therefore, the court interpreter is required to interpret everything that is said in the courtroom so that the defendant hears exactly what an English-speaking defendant would hear. This does not mean that the court interpreter explains what the proceedings mean; the interpreter must convey every single statement that is uttered in the courtroom, at the same language level or register in which it is stated, regardless of the defendant's ability to understand the concepts involved. Many of the proceedings are conducted at a rapid pace, as judges and attorneys are going through routine steps that they have done countless times before. The language they use is often difficult, if not impossible, for the uninitiated to understand. The challenge for the court interpreter is to render their statements into a target-language version (the target language is the language into which you are interpreting; the source language is the language out of which you are interpreting) that is as intelligible to the average non-English-speaking layman as the original message is to the average English-speaking layman, without adding or omitting anything.

Simultaneous interpretation is actually a misnomer, in that the word simultaneous suggests that the interpreter is interpreting a message as she hears it. In fact, there is a delay between the moment the interpreter hears a thought and the moment she renders that thought into the target language, because it takes time to understand the original message and generate a target-language rendition of it. Meanwhile, the speaker goes on to the next thought, so the interpreter must generate the target-language version of the first thought while processing the speaker's second thought, and so on. This delay is known as decalage, from the French word for time lag. The longer the interpreter is able to wait before beginning the target-language version, the more information she will have and the more accurate her target-language version will be.

Note that we have been speaking in terms of thoughts rather than words. It is the interpreter's task to convey the meaning of the original message. Every language...