The history of development the science of translation in the countries of studied language

The history of translation studies in ancient times, and it's development in the Middle Ages. Principles of translation into Greek, the texts of world's religions. Professional associations of translators. The technology and terminology translation.
Краткое сожержание материала:

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Translation Studies as an academic discipline highlights the history of translation and translation theory. Translation is the process of transferring text from one language into another. And do we know everything about translation? Do we know about history of translation study? About how the theory of translation was developed and how it came to us?

The history of translation - is an academic discipline designed to provide the necessary information on how this art of sending information from one language to another was evolved over time. When we discus history of translation we must think of the theories and names that emerged at its different periods. Actually, each era characterized by exact changes in translation history, but these differ from one to one more. Translation played and plays an input role in the growth of world culture. It is ordinary to think of culture as general and totally separate. If we start to look at the impact of fictional translation, the option of communication clear of anything so restricted by geographic part is clear.

The authors which concerns in their works the theme of my thesis are: I.A. Chistovich, Gorbovskii N.K., Semenec O.E., Panasev A.N., Komissarov V.N., А.V. Fedorov, E.A. Sorokin, L.S. Barkhudarova, V. Vinogradov, G.R. Gachechiladze, Yu. D. Levin, Y.I. Retsker, L.A. Chernyakhovskaya, P.D. Schweitzer, B. Shore, E.G. Etkind; among foreign - J. Catford, Kelly L.I. Left, A. Neubert, P. Newmark, M. Snell-Hornby, J. Steiner, T.R. Steiner, John Holmes

According to V.N. Komissarov, "translated facing different cultures, different personalities, different mindset, different literature, different ages, different levels of development, different traditions and Installations" [1, p. 23].

Before discussing the experience of translation and the history of interpreting teachings, I will give a quote from a well-known theorists and historiographers of European translation of Henri Van Hoof, he begins his book with the history of translation in Western Europe: "If you want to write the story about a translation you must be ready to answer a number of questions: when a translation was appeared? Why we do translate? Is it always translated the same way? Have a history of translation favorable periods? The list of questions could go on. In other words the field of activity - extensive. Indeed the study of the theory of translation to studying the history of the world, the history of civilization, but through the prism of translation and the only difference is that the history of translation does not have the continuity of history on the contrary it reveals a lot of blind spots - both in time and in space. [2, p. 7].

N.K. Garbovsky gave a brief overview of the definitions of "translation", which at one time were given to A.V. Fedorov, A.D. Schweitzer, M. Lederer, J.I. Retskerom, V.S. Vinogradov, R.K. Mignard-Belorucheva, L.S. Barkhudarova and concluded that "any definition of translation, if we want to give it a concise form, will suffer certain one-sidedness.

Also complex phenomenon, it is too contradictory interpretations too ambiguous attitude to it with pleasure consuming the society "[3, p. 12].

Translation as an object, we study the theory of translation, according to N.K. Garbovsky can have the following definition: "Translation - a social communicative function of mediation between people using different language systems, which is realized in the course of psycho-physical activities for bilingual reflection of reality on the basis of his individual abilities of the interpreter, the transition from one semiotic system to another in order to equivalent, i.e., fullest, but always partial, transfer of meanings contained in the initial message from one communicant to another "[3, p. 214].

The development of world society from the viewpoint of translation reveals a stable movement of thoughts and forms of cultures regularly absorbing new influences for the reason that of the labor of translators. It dispels the supposition that the whole thing starts in the West and undermines thought of rigid limitations among East and West. India, China, Iraq and Spain have in different ways wrought European society. India formed ties by means of the Mediterranean in the sixth century BC and medical theories which were created by Greek thinkers similar to Plato and Galen originated from India.

In ninth and tenth century Baghdad the technical and theoretical works of Ancient Greece translated into Arabic and this knowledge increase to Europe via Spain which was almost a Muslim nation from the near the beginning eighth century for four hundred years. In ancient times translator was apparent as an artist copying the unique works while he had to memorize the unique text and the reader. In 1791 there was already mentioned book by A. Tytler in which he proclaimed the following principles on which should based the translator:

Translation should convey the idea of completely original;

- To keep the manner and style of the original;

- To be as slim as the original. [4, p. 66].

A.B. Fedorov:

"Translation is seen primarily as a product of a voice in its relation to the original and due to the nature of the two languages and with membership of the material to the different genre categories" [5, p. 14].

A.D. Schweitzer

"The translation can be defined as: one-way and two-phase process and intercultural communication in which on the basis subjected to target (" to language "), the analysis of the primary text creates a secondary text (metatext), which replaces the primary in a different language and cultural environment ... Process characterized by the installation of the transmission of the communicative effect of the primary text partly modifiable differences between the two languages, two cultures and two communicative situations "[6, p. 75].

During this period, translation theorists concerned mainly the problem of how to convey the spirit of another language of the original text.

The developments of translation in the western world are different than in Arab world, as each country knew some incidents that led to the appearance of some theories. So, what were the major changes that noticed translation history in both West and the Arab world? Thoughts and concepts from the East particularly India China and Iraq influenced on the Western civilization since early as 6 century B.C. when buy and sell ties were first recognized among India and the Mediterranean countries. In Arabic translations an important function played the translation of the Holy Koran.

Nowadays, translation study in progress to taking another stage, which is more mechanical. The discovery of the internet, also with the new technological developments in communication and digital resources, developed cultural relations among nations. This leads translators to look for ways to manage by these changes and to seem for more useful techniques that allow them to translate more and waste less.

Steiner also highlights four periods in the history of translation, and the boundaries between them by their own admission not absolute.

The first period begins with a discussion of Cicero about how he translated, or rather did not translate speech of Greek speakers Eschines and Demostfenes, and the work of Horace's "Poetic Art" and ends with commentary by Friedrich Holderlin, German poet began in XJX., To his own translations of Sophocles (1804 ). In practice this period serves as a translation material for analysis and some conclusions. Steiner admits that in this very extensive historical period (18th century!) It was written many bright pages in the history of translation, however, despite this; this period is characterized by a pronounced empiricism.

The second period Steiner calls the stage of theory and hermeneutic findings. Its beginning Steiner connects with the names of Alexander Fraser Tytler, author of an essay on the principles of translation (Tytler Alexander Fraser. Essay on the Principles of Translation), published in London in 1792, and Friedrich Schleiermacher, whose work on the translation of (Schleiermacher Friedrich. Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des Uebersetzens) appeared in 1813

The third period, modern, begins in the 40s. the advent of the first papers about the theory of machine translation. The beginning of this period Steiner connects with the names of Russian and Czech scientists who, having inherited in his opinion the idea of formalism, tried to apply linguistic theory and statistical methods to the study of translation. During this period attempts are being made to establish a correspondence between the logic and formal models of language translation. The period is marked by intense scientific Researches in the field of translation. It turns out a lot of articles about the translation. Appearance on the theory of translation A. Fedorov, R.A. Brower, William Arrowsmith, etc. Interpreters' professionals create their organization and begin to publish their own magazines. According to Steiner this period to some extent continues to this day: a logical approach, built on oppositions as well as literary, semantic and comparative methods, emerging and developed in the 40's and 50's...