The basic ancient legal codes; Law and Society in Ukraine. Its state symbols are the State Flag, the Emblem, the Anthem. Public of government: the Parliament – the Verkhovna Rada; the Cabinet of Ministers; the President; the Constitution; Criminal Law.
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1. Суспільство і закон. Необхідність законотворення. Law and Society

Why do we need laws? We all depend on other people. Those of us who live as part of a group, perhaps a family, find that we have to follow unwritten rules. At the college your timetable provides one set of rules. The fire regulations are a different set of rules which could save your life. Some kind of law is necessary to try to prevent people from committing a crime. Members of every community make laws for themselves in self-protection. Otherwise the stronger man could do what he liked with the weaker, and bad men could join together and terrorize the whole neighborhoods. It is just as important to understand that law is not necessary just because there are bad people in the world.

2. Основні закони (Велика Хартія Вольностей, Закони Вавилону, Стародавньої Греції та Риму, Біль про права 1689 року, Кодекс Наполеона)

Laws of Babylon

One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into a great stone pillar, which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen. The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16 century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi's words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris. Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty.

The Magna Carta

At the heart of the English system are two principles of government -- limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215. The power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial.

3. Державні символи України: прапор, герб та гімн

Its state symbols are the State Flag, the State Emblem and the State Anthem. The State Flag is a blue and yellow banner made from two horizontal stripes. The blue color symbolizes the peaceful blue sky while the yellow one symbolizes the field of ripe wheat -- the source of life.

The contemporary national coat of arms of Ukraine, a trident is very ancient. The classic form of the Ukrainian trident is found on the gold and silver coins of Volodymyr the Great. The archaeological finds of trident in Ukraine go back to the first century A.D. Undoubtedly this emblem was a symbol of authority and a symbol of the ethnic groups which inhabited ancient Ukraine.

The Ukrainian anthem, Shche ne umerla Ukraina (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished), is of quite recent origin. In 1863 the Lviv magazine Meta (The Goal) published the poem "Shche ne umerla Ukraina" by Paul Chubynsky. It was mistakenly considered to be written by T.Shevchenko. The same year it was set to music by M. Verbytsky. This song, as a result of its catchy melody and patriotic text, became very popular. In 1917 it was officially adopted as the anthem of the Ukrainian State. The Constitution of Ukraine (1996) defines the State symbols of Ukraine in Article 20.

4. Конституційні права та обов'язки громадян України

Rights and obligations of Ukrainian people

Chapter II (розділ 2) assures human and civil rights, freedoms and duties. It states that every person has the right to the free development of the personality on the one hand and has obligations before society on the other hand. Citizens of Ukraine have equal Constitutional rights and freedoms and are equal before law irrespective of race, color of skin, political and other beliefs, gender, position, place of residence, language, religion or other circumstances. The articles of this chapter guarantee the rights to life, personal inviolability and the inviolability of dwelling, noninterference in private and family life, free choice of residence, work, rest, education, social security, housing, health protection, medical care and medical insurance, legal assistance, a safe and healthy environment. But there are no rights without duties. They are to observe the laws, to respect state symbols, to defend our Motherland, its independence and territorial integrity, to pay taxes and so on. No person may damage the environment, cultural heritage.

5. Верховна Рада - вищий законодавчий орган України. Основні функції

The legislative power

The parliament - the Verkhovna Rada is the only body of the legislative power in Ukraine. There are 450 people's deputies who are elected for a term of 4 years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. In order to be elected as a deputy, a person must by a citizen of Ukraine, must be at least 21 years of the age and have the right to vote, and must by resided in the territory of Ukraine for no less than the previous 5 years. Successive elections of the V.R. take place on the last Sunday of March of the 4 year of the term of the parliament. The V.R. works on a session basis. The Verkhovna Rada's main function is making laws. Among the other functions of the parliament are: to amend the Constitution, to call for elections of the President of Ukraine, to determine the principles of domestic & foreign policy, to approve national programmes of economic, scientific & technical, social, national & cultural development, to remove the President from office, to declare war & to conclude peace upon the President's proposal.

6. Вищий орган виконавчої влади України, основні функції

The Executive Power

The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. It is responsible to the President and is accountable to the Verkhovna Rada. The Cabinet of Ministers resigns when a new President is elected. It carries out the domestic and foreign policy of the State, the fulfillment of the Constitution, as well as the acts of the President, develops and fulfils national programs on the economic, scientific and technological, social and cultural development of Ukraine. The executive power in oblasts and rayons is exercised by local state administrations. Their heads are appointed by the President and are responsible to him.

7. Президент України. Повноваження

The President of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine is the head of the state & speaks on behalf of it. He is elected directly by the voters for a term of 4 years with no more than 2 full terms. The President enjoys the right of immunity during the period of his authority. The President of Ukraine secures state independence, national security of the state, human rights & freedoms. He represents the state in foreign relations, conducts negotiations & concludes international treaties of Ukraine; appoints the Prime Minister with the consent of the V.R., discharges him from office & makes decision on his dismissal; appoints members of the Cabinet of Ministers, heads of central bodies of executive power, as well as heads of local state administrations and discharges them from these positions; is the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; presides over the Council of National Security; signs laws adopted by the Verkhovna Rada.

8. Судова влада України, основні функції. Верховний Суд України

Judiciary in Ukraine

Justice in Ukraine is administered only by courts in strict conformity with the law. They have jurisdiction over all legal relations that appear in the state. Legal proceedings are administered by the Constitutional Court and courts of general jurisdiction. Courts of general jurisdiction are set up according to territorial principle and their specialization. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in their system. There are also appellate, local and specialized courts. A citizen of Ukraine at the age of 25 and over, who has higher legal education, at least three years of legal experience, has resided in Ukraine for 10 years and has a good command of the state language may become a judge on the recommendation of the Qualification Commission of Judges. The first appointment of a professional judge to office for a 5 year term is made by the President of Ukraine.

9. Конституція - основний закон України

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution is a set of laws &...