The project of the heat exchanger for cooling compressed air with water used in penicillin production

General characteristics of antibiotics. Production of penicillin, statement of the process. Fermentation, filtering, pre-treatment of native solution. Extraction, purification of penicillin, isolation of crystalline salts. The thermal properties of air.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE National Aviation University Department of Biotechnology

Course work (Explanatory Note) Discipline "Processes and apparatus for biotechnological production "

Theme: The project of the heat exchanger for cooling compressed air with water used in penicillin production

Kyiv 2013



TASKS for the course work of the student

1. Theme: The project of the heat exchanger for cooling compressed air with water used in penicillin production

2. Deadline student completed the work: "24" April 2013 3. Output to: Calculate a shell-and-tube heat exchanger for cooling 1050 m3/h (in standard conditions) of air from 140 oC to 31oC with water. The pressure of the air is p=0,35 MPa. The cooling water, which gives a deposit of scale, has a temperature of 16 oC.

4. Content of explanatory note (list of issues to be developed): theoretical part contains a description of the design of heat exchangers and producing penicillin by technical methods.

Estimated portion contains calculations and tube heat exchanger for cooling water.

5. Calendar plan:

№ п/п	Stage	Deadline	Evaluation of the performance
1	Preparation of the course work plan	14.02.2013	performed
2	Retrieval of Information	15.02.13-03.03.13	performed
3	Preparation of the theoretical part	04.03.13-04.04.13	performed
4	Preparation of the computation and analytical part	05.04.13-07.04.13	performed
5	Additions and Changes	08.04.13-15.04.13	performed
6	Defence of the course work	24.04.13	performed

6. Date of assignment:

Supervisor __________ Kuznetsova O.O.

Executor ____________ Kohut K.G.



Summary

Explanatory note to the course work "The project of the heat exchanger for cooling compressed air with water used in penicillin production":

Object of the study - heat exchanger.

Subject of research - heat exchanger.

Purpose - to examine and analyze the design of heat exchanger.

Research methods - analysis, a systematic approach of observation.

Exchangers, Selecting, antibiotics, penicillin, CALCULATION.



Introduction

An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria. The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotics. Today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic(s) has come to denote a broader range of antimicrobial compounds, including anti-fungal and other compounds. [2]

The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria, but are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[2]

With advances in medicinal chemistry, most of today's antibacterials chemically are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibacterials, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials-for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones-are produced solely by chemical synthesis. In accordance with this, many antibacterial compounds are classified on the basis of chemical/biosynthetic origin into natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic. Another classification system is based on biological activity; in this classification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groups according to their biological effect on microorganisms: bactericidal agents kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial growth. [4]

Testing the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method - antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and inhibit growth of S. aureus, resulting in a zone of inhibition.[2]

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.[4]



General characteristics of antibiotics

The term "antibiotic" was proposed in 1942 by SA Waksman to describe substances produced by microorganisms and have antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, many researchers have offered their own language, putting in them sometimes too limited content or excessively expanding this concept.[1]

Currently, under the understanding chemotherapeutic antibiotic substances derived from microorganisms or other natural sources, and their semi-synthetic analogs and derivatives that have the ability to selectively suppress the patient's body of pathogens and (or) delay the development of cancer. [2]

Antibiotics are of natural origin produced by different groups of microorganisms (mostly actinomycetes, rarely bacteria), lower plants (yeast, algae, fungi, higher fungi), plants and animals. [1]

For example, the genera Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Diplococcus, Chromobacterium, Escherichia. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus form gramicidin, subtilin polymyxins. [1]

Antibiotics, which are formed by microorganisms belonging to several Actinomycetales, - streptomycin, tetracycline, novobiocin, actinomycin, etc.

Antibiotics, which are formed by imperfect fungi: penicillin - Penic. Chrysogenum; griseofulvin - Penic. Griseofulnum; trihotsetin - Tricholecium roseum.

Antibiotics, which are formed by fungi, belonging to the classes of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes: termofillin, lenzitin, hetomin.

Lichens, algae and lower plants are capable of forming acid and usnic hlorellin, higher plants - almitsin, rafanin.

Antibiotics are of animal origin: lysozyme ekmolin, krutsin, interferon.[2]

Classification of antibiotics. By the nature of the impact of antibiotics on bacterial cell can be divided into three groups:

- Bacteriostatic (bacteria are alive but unable to reproduce)- Bactericide (bacteria were sacrificed, but still physically present in the medium)

- Bacteriolytic (death to the bacteria, and bacterial cell walls are destroyed).On the mechanism of biological action of antibiotics are divided into:

1. Antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial wall (penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin).

2. Antibiotics disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane (polypeptides, polyenes, gramicidin).

3. Antibiotics destroy the ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein synthesis (tetracyclines, hlormitsetiny, aminoglycosides, macrolides).

4. Antibiotics that selectively...